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Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing

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Category
General Reference
author-supplied keywords
keywords
authors
Roberto Cabeza
Marilyn Albert
Sylvie Belleville
Fergus I. M. Craik
Audrey Duarte
Cheryl L. Grady
Ulman Lindenberger
Lars Nyberg
Denise C. Park
Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz
Michael D. Rugg
Jason Steffener
M. Natasha Rajah
title
Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
year
2018
source
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
pages
701-710
volume
19
issue
11

Abstract

Cognitive ageing research examines the cognitive abilities that are preserved and/or those that decline with advanced age. There is great individual variability in cognitive ageing trajectories. Some older adults show little decline in cognitive ability compared with young adults and are thus termed ‘optimally ageing’. By contrast, others exhibit substantial cognitive decline and may develop dementia. Human neuroimaging research has led to a number of important advances in our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these two outcomes. However, interpreting the age-related changes and differences in brain structure, activation and functional connectivity that this research reveals is an ongoing challenge. Ambiguous terminology is a major source of difficulty in this venture. Three terms in particular — compensation, maintenance and reserve — have been used in a number of different ways, and researchers continue to disagree about the kinds of evidence or patterns of results that are required to interpret findings related to these concepts. As such inconsistencies can impede progress in both theoretical and empirical research, here, we aim to clarify and propose consensual definitions of these terms.

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